As urbanization accelerates, the health-promoting functions of urban green spaces have increasingly emerged as a central focus in sustainable development and urban ecology research. Existing studies have consistently demonstrated significant associations between green space exposure and the physical, mental, social health, and overall well-being of residents. However, there remains a paucity of systematic analyses regarding the quantitative characterization of various types of green space exposure and their associated health effects. Based on the latest literature at home and abroad, this review focuses on three main quantitative indicators of urban green space exposure: visibility, availability, and accessibility. In terms of quantification methods, green visibility, availability, and accessibility exhibit significant sensitivity across different spatial-temporal scales and geospatial data acquisition conditions. Thus, future research could integrate big data and multi-source sensor technologies to improve measurement accuracy. In terms of health effects, the health benefits derived from green exposure are significantly influenced by demographic backgrounds and social environments. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a multi-dimensional analytical framework encompassing urban ecology, socioeconomics, built environments, and individual behaviors. In terms of practical applications, health-oriented green space planning requires scientifically quantified guidelines for green space site selection, scale layout, and facility construction to achieve health equity. Relevant studies should emphasize the construction of causal inference models for green exposure–health responses based on multi-scale simulations of urban forms, providing a more comprehensive theoretical foundation and scientific evidence for optimizing urban green planning and public health decision-making.